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"From 1962 to 1971, the US military sprayed herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that could conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that those forces might depend on, and to clear tall grasses and bushes from the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Mixtures of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), picloram, and cacodylic acid made up the bulk of the herbicides sprayed. The main chemical mixture sprayed was Agent Orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. At the time of the spraying, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most toxic form of dioxin, was an unintended contaminant generated during the production of 2,4,5-T and so was present in Agent Orange and some other formulations sprayed in Vietnam. Because of complaints from returning Vietnam veterans about their own health and that of their children combined with emerging toxicologic evidence of adverse effects of phenoxy herbicides and TCDD, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) was asked to perform a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange, other herbicides used in Vietnam, and the various components of those herbicides, including TCDD. Updated evaluations are conducted every two years to review newly available literature and draw conclusions from the overall evidence.Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2012 reviews peer-reviewed scientific reports concerning associations between health outcomes and exposure to TCDD and other chemicals in the herbicides used in Vietnam that were published in October 2010--September 2012 and integrates this information wi650 th the previously established evidence database. This report considers whether a statistical association with herbicide exposure exists, taking into account the strength of the scientific evidence and the appropriateness of the statistical and epidemiological methods used to detect the association; the increased risk of disease among those exposed to herbicides during service in the Republic of Vietnam during the Vietnam era; and whether there exists a plausible biological mechanism or other evidence of a causal relationship between herbicide exposure and the disease"--Publisher's description.

Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- Veterans -- Diseases. --- Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- Veterans -- Health aspects. --- Agent Orange --- Vietnam War, 1961-1975 --- Herbicides --- Epidemiology --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring --- Pesticides --- Environmental Pollution --- Health --- North America --- History, 20th Century --- Asia, Southeastern --- Asia --- Toxic Actions --- Agrochemicals --- Heterocyclic Compounds --- History, Modern 1601 --- -Population Characteristics --- Americas --- Public Health --- Specialty Uses of Chemicals --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- History --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Environment and Public Health --- Geographic Locations --- Health Care --- Geographicals --- Humanities --- Defoliants, Chemical --- Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin --- United States --- Vietnam --- Vietnam Conflict --- Occupational Exposure --- Dioxins --- Environmental Exposure --- Veterans Health --- Toxicology --- Health aspects --- Veterans --- Diseases --- Health aspects. --- Diseases. --- Toxicology.

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"Because of continuing uncertainty about the long-term health effects of the sprayed herbicides on Vietnam veterans, Congress passed the Agent Orange Act of 1991. The legislation directed the Secretary of Veterans Affairs (VA) to request the Institite of Medicine to perform a comprehensive evaluation of scientific and medical information regarding the health effects of exposure to Agent Orange and other herbicides used in Vietnam to be followed by biennial updates. The 2010 update recommends further research of links between Vietnam service and specific health outcomes, most importantly COPD, tonsil cancer, melanoma, brain cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and paternally transmitted effects to offspring."--Publisher's description.

Agent Orange -- Health aspects. --- Agent Orange -- Toxicology. --- Vietnam War, 1961-1975 -- Veterans -- Health risk assessment -- United States. --- Agent Orange --- Vietnam War, 1961-1975 --- Asia, Southeastern --- Environmental Pollution --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 1-Ring --- Health --- North America --- Pesticides --- History, 20th Century --- History, Modern 1601 --- -Americas --- Asia --- Population Characteristics --- Toxic Actions --- Public Health --- Agrochemicals --- Heterocyclic Compounds --- Specialty Uses of Chemicals --- Chemical Actions and Uses --- Geographic Locations --- History --- Health Care --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Environment and Public Health --- Geographicals --- Humanities --- Veterans Health --- Environmental Exposure --- Herbicides --- United States --- Vietnam --- Vietnam Conflict --- Dioxins --- Dioxin --- Second Indochina War --- Viet Nam War --- Vietnamese Conflict --- Viet Nam Conflict --- Conflict, Viet Nam --- Conflict, Vietnam --- Conflict, Vietnamese --- Conflicts, Vietnamese --- Indochina War, Second --- Indochina Wars, Second --- Vietnamese Conflicts --- War, Second Indochina --- War, Viet Nam --- Wars, Second Indochina --- Wars, Viet Nam --- Algaecides --- Algicides --- Algaecide --- Algicide --- Herbicide --- Plants --- Weed Control --- Exposure, Environmental --- Environmental Exposures --- Exposures, Environmental --- Sentinel Species --- Health, Veterans --- War Exposure --- Veterans --- Specialty Chemicals and Products --- Heterocyclic Compound --- Compound, Heterocyclic --- Compounds, Heterocyclic --- Polycyclic Compounds --- Agrichemicals --- Chemicals, Agricultural --- Agrichemical --- Agricultural Chemical --- Agricultural Chemicals --- Agrochemical --- Chemical, Agricultural --- Community Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine & Public Health --- Environment, Preventive Medicine and Public Health --- Health, Community --- Health, Public --- Preventive Medicine --- Education, Public Health Professional --- Environmental Pollutants, Noxae, and Pesticides --- Toxic Action --- Action, Toxic --- Actions, Toxic --- Population Heterogeneity --- Population Statistics --- Characteristic, Population --- Characteristics, Population --- Heterogeneity, Population --- Population Characteristic --- Statistics, Population --- History of Medicine, Modern --- Medicine, Modern --- Modern History (Medicine) --- Modern Medicine --- History, Modern --- Modern History --- 1601- History, Modern --- History, Modern (Medicine) --- Modern 1601- History --- 20th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 20th Cent. History of Medicine --- 20th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 20th Century --- History of Medicine, 20th Cent. --- History, Twentieth Century --- Medical History, 20th Cent. --- Medicine, 20th Cent. --- 20th Century History --- 20th Cent. Histories (Medicine) --- 20th Century Histories --- Cent. Histories, 20th (Medicine) --- Cent. History, 20th (Medicine) --- Century Histories, 20th --- Century Histories, Twentieth --- Century History, 20th --- Century History, Twentieth --- Histories, 20th Cent. (Medicine) --- Histories, 20th Century --- Histories, Twentieth Century --- History, 20th Cent. (Medicine) --- Twentieth Century Histories --- Twentieth Century History --- Pesticide --- Community-Based Distribution --- Contraceptive Distribution --- Delivery of Healthcare --- Dental Care Delivery --- Distribution, Non-Clinical --- Distribution, Nonclinical --- Distributional Activities --- Healthcare --- Healthcare Delivery --- Healthcare Systems --- Non-Clinical Distribution --- Nonclinical Distribution --- Delivery of Dental Care --- Health Care Delivery --- Health Care Systems --- Activities, Distributional --- Activity, Distributional --- Care, Health --- Community Based Distribution --- Community-Based Distributions --- Contraceptive Distributions --- Deliveries, Healthcare --- Delivery, Dental Care --- Delivery, Health Care --- Delivery, Healthcare --- Distribution, Community-Based --- Distribution, Contraceptive --- Distribution, Non Clinical --- Distributional Activity --- Distributions, Community-Based --- Distributions, Contraceptive --- Distributions, Non-Clinical --- Distributions, Nonclinical --- Health Care System --- Healthcare Deliveries --- Healthcare System --- Non Clinical Distribution --- Non-Clinical Distributions --- Nonclinical Distributions --- System, Health Care --- System, Healthcare --- Systems, Health Care --- Systems, Healthcare --- Aspects, Historical --- Historical Aspects --- Aspect, Historical --- Historical Aspect --- Histories --- Heterocyclic Cpds, 1-Ring --- 1-Ring Heterocyclic Compounds --- 1-Ring Heterocyclic Cpds --- Heterocyclic Compounds, 1 Ring --- Heterocyclic Cpds, 1 Ring --- Pollution, Environmental --- Soil Pollution --- Pollution, Soil --- Environmental Pollutants --- Vietnam Conflict, 1961-1975 --- Vietnamese Conflict, 1961-1975 --- Vietnamese War, 1961-1975 --- Herbicide Orange --- Orange, Agent --- Orange, Herbicide --- Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid --- Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid --- Health aspects --- Toxicology --- Health risk assessment --- War use --- -Population Characteristics --- Geography --- Factor, Geographic --- Factors, Geographic --- Geographic Factor --- Geographic Factors --- Geography, Human --- Human Geography --- Americas --- North Vietnam --- Viet Nam --- Vietnam, Republic of --- Southern Asia --- America --- Northern America --- Southeastern Asia --- Southeast Asia --- Military Health